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Sickle cell anemia Essay
A genetic blood disease resulting from the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin, namely hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin is the molecule in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the farthest areas of the body. Anemia is the condition of having less than the normal number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is, therefore, decreased. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a term used to describe a number of diseases called hemoglopathies, of which Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is the most common. SCA is a severe, chronic, incurable anemia characterized by sickle-shaped Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and it results into acute and chronic organ failure. Online Tutor RBCs with sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb s) change and become crescent shaped with the following conditions; low oxygen tension, dehydration and acidosis (Lewis & Bear, 2002).
Treatment of sickle cell anemia
According to Lewis & Bear (2002), treatment of sickle cell anemia is both symptomatic and supportive, since there is no cure. Thus preventive measures are employed to manage the various symptoms of sickle cell anemia such as fever, shortness of breath, progressive fatigue and sudden loss of sensations. These measures include: bone marrow transplants which have been successful on a few children, drug hydroxyurea that reduces the number of pain crises in about 50% of severely affected adults.
Online Tutor Lewis & Bear (2002) highlight that increase in the fluid intake by the patient since dehydration increases sickling process, sufficient nutrition to maximize patient’s resistance to infection and also provides a significant resource for healing and managing anemia. Online Tutor Others measures for managing sickle cell anemia include an understanding of symptoms that call for urgent medical care such as fever and shortness of breath, educating teachers and other staff of basic concerns of such patients during sports and school trips.
Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of the blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs i.e. the measurements of the body’s most fundamental functions such as pulse rate, body temperature and respiration rate.
Online Tutor A person’s BP is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum) over diastolic pressure (minimum) (mmHg), for example 120/80.BP rises with exercise, and abnormally rises with mental or emotional stress. BP is lowered with rest, relaxation and meditation and is abnormally lowered by adrenal fatigue (Forleo, 2008).
BP gives one valuable data for detecting medical problems, monitoring and adjusting treatment regimens, forecast personal care needs, an individual’s fitness for work and screening for and quantifying disability in an individual. BP is usually the highest in the brachial arteries, where it is classically taken yielding the ideal BP reading of 120/80, (Forleo, 2008). 140/90 or above is considered high BP or hypertension while BP lower than 90/60 is considered low blood pressure or hypotension. Online Tutor BP is measured with a BP cuff and stethoscope by a healthcare provider. Two numbers are recorded when measuring BP, the higher number i.e. systolic pressure and the lower number i.e. diastolic pressure.
The patient has to made to understand that he or she cannot measure their own BP unless an electronic BP monitoring device is used. BP should not be taken after intense physical activities since the results will not reflect the normal levels.
Online Tutor A patient should rest for a few minutes and sit comfortably before taking the measurement. The health service provider should then wrap the cuff smoothly around the upper part of the arm; the cuff should be sized to fit effortlessly. The higher number or systolic pressure refers to the force inside the artery when the heart contracts and pumps blood through the body. The lower number or diastolic pressure is the force inside the artery when the heart is at rest and is filling with blood. Both pressures are recorded as mmHg (Millimeters of Mercury). This recording shows how high the mercury column is raised by the pressure of the blood.
Though sickle cell anemia is a disease that is incurable, specific preventive measures can be undertaken by the patient’s significant others and the teachers in the learning institutions to ensure these patients live the highest level of productive life possible. Online Tutor People need to consider the BP measurements whether high or low as symptoms to health problems in future rather than considering them as a disease. In this way individuals can work towards achieving and maintaining an optimal BP measurement by taking adequate nutrition and avoiding mental or emotional stress.
PTSD as a Defense Essay 2
Post-traumatic stress disorder commonly referred to as PTSD is an anxiety disorder referring to the psychological trauma faced by an individual. It is a very common condition among veterans and the military previously referred to it as war neurosis or shell shock. Research showed that there seems to be a very strong correlation between the condition and criminal behavior and in the recent years, PTSD has received a lot of attention as a legal defense. However, one should note that it does not traditionally qualify as insanity. The condition is used to show undue stress and diminished capacity in an individual, and how it influences their behavior and mostly combined with other factors.
At first, there was a lot of debate if PSTD was significant to a judge before accepting guilty pleas from the persons suffering from the disorder and if it actually contributed to the misconduct in question. Psychologists also suggest even though war experience is a major cause of the disorder, one should not rule out other experiences such as brutality in one’s environment, abandonment and even poverty. The main purpose of using PTSD, as a defense is to deter the punishment of individuals who committed crime induced by their circumstances and showing that they are not wholly to blame.
Veterans are highly susceptible to PTSD because of the traumatic environment they had to endure during the war. Nearly 1.5 million soldiers have been deployed for duty in Iraq and Afghanistan and that nearly 20 percent of them on returning are diagnosed with PTSD since 2001. These veterans do not have any criminal records prior to their deployment and find themselves coming back to insufficient transitional services to help them cope and end up facing legal problems.
An example is a 2007 case of Sergeant Sean Beveridge, where he attacked German civilians with a club. His defense lawyer pointed out his client’s service in Iraq where he was severely wounded during his time of service and witnessed a suicide bomb attack that left twenty-two of his colleagues dead in 2004.
However, lawyers argue that PTSD as a defense is mostly successful in court- martial cases rather than in civilian courts and they attribute this to the different juries in each case. The juries in the former tend to be more sympathetic than the latter as they are more familiar with the development of the disorder. However, no statistics have been laid out to show an increase in acquittal rates.
Notably, in recent years, it is not a defense alone and is used mostly as a means to mitigate guilt and reduce sentences. This is because courts have tightened the laws and regulations regarding its use especially when used to show diminished capacity. An example is a case in 2007 where Sergeant Anthony Basel was charged for attempted rape and the defense stated that he suffered from PTSD. Even though convicted for three years, the judge took into consideration his condition and mitigated the sentence he was to face.
More recently, PSTD has been used as a defense in murder cases unlike before when it was frequently used in robbery and assault cases. An example is the case of Jessie Bratcher, an Iraq war veteran in Oregon who was found to be guilty of murder but proven legally insane as he was diagnosed with PSTD. Instead of receiving the maximum sentence, he was taken for treatment of his mental disorder at the Oregon State Hospital. Since its formal introduction more than a decade ago into the legal system, PSTD continued to become a common defense especially among veterans and has become a mixed success in the legal system.
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